@import"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/assets/styles/gi-fonts-v2.css";.gi-banner{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 .25rem;width:calc(100vw - var(--gi-scrollbar-width));height:52px;background-color:transparent;z-index:2}body.gi-no-scroll .gi-banner{padding-right:calc(var(--gi-scrollbar-width-init) + 4px)}.gi-header.gi-banner-border .gi-banner{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.15)}.gi-banner button,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:2.75rem;height:2.75rem;background:transparent;border:none;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.gi-banner button svg,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg{display:block;fill:#f2f2f2;width:16px;height:16px}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-banner button svg,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg{width:19px;height:19px}}.gi-banner button svg path,.gi-banner button svg rect,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg path,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg rect{fill:#f2f2f2}.gi-banner__logo{display:flex;justify-content:center;width:100%;height:16px}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-banner__logo{height:19px}}.gi-banner__logo svg{display:block;width:auto;height:100%}.gi-banner__logo svg path{fill:#f2f2f2}.gi-banner__nav{position:fixed;height:100lvh;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;top:0;overflow:hidden;transition:background-color .3s ease-in-out;z-index:2000400;width:0;background-color:transparent;pointer-events:none}.gi-banner__nav.open{width:calc(100vw - var(--gi-scrollbar-width));background-color:color-mix(in srgb,#000 15%,transparent);pointer-events:all}.gi-banner__nav.open .gi-banner__nav-box{left:0;transform:translate(0)}.gi-banner__nav-box{background-color:#f2f2f2;height:100vh;margin:0;outline:none;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;position:fixed;left:0;scrollbar-width:none;width:calc(100vw - var(--gi-scrollbar-width));z-index:2000410;transform:translate(-100%);color:#191919;padding-top:4rem;left:-100vw;transition:all .3s ease-in-out}@media (min-width: 48rem){.gi-banner__nav-box{width:23.4375rem;transform:translate(-23.75rem)}}.gi-banner__nav-box ul{padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none}.gi-banner__nav-box li{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;border-top:.0625rem solid #e5e5e5;min-height:3.625rem;font-family:GMsans-Web-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.33;font-style:normal;font-weight:400}.gi-banner__nav-box li.highlight{background-color:#f2f2f2}.gi-banner__nav-box li a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-self:center;gap:.5rem;padding:.875rem 1.25rem;color:#191919;text-decoration:none;width:100%}.gi-banner__nav-box li a svg path{fill:#191919}.gi-banner__nav-box li a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#da161f}.gi-banner__nav-box li a:hover svg path{fill:#da161f}button.gi-banner__nav-close{position:absolute;right:.3125rem;top:.625rem;z-index:2000440;cursor:pointer;padding:.65rem;background-color:transparent;transition:.15s ease;border:none}button.gi-banner__nav-close svg{display:block;width:16px;height:16px}button.gi-banner__nav-close svg path{fill:#333}button.gi-banner__nav-close:hover svg path{fill:#da161f}:root{--gi-label-box-colour: #2e2e2e;--gi-label-text-colour: #fff;--gi-label-box-colour-overlay: var(--gi-label-box-colour);--gi-label-text-colour-overlay: var(--gi-label-text-colour);--gi-bg-colour: #191919;--gi-max-width: 1600px;--gi-narrow-width: 700px;--gi-caption--text-colour: #595959;--gi-caption--bg-colour: inherit}body.gi-no-scroll{overflow:hidden}#gi-header{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:column;width:calc(var(--gi-viewport-width) - var(--gi-scrollbar-width));left:calc(50% - 50vw + var(--gi-scrollbar-width) / 2)}.gi-header{color:#191919;width:calc(var(--gi-viewport-width) - var(--gi-scrollbar-width))}@media (min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-two-col):not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-full-width){padding-bottom:2rem}}.gi-header__content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.gi-header__content figure{margin:0;padding:0}.gi-header.gi-narrow-width .gi-header__content figure{padding:0 1.25rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header.gi-narrow-width .gi-header__content figure{padding:0}}.gi-header__content h1{font-family:Pratt-Fine-Bold-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:2.1rem;line-height:1.1;margin:0;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase}.gi-header.gi-head-sans .gi-header__content h1{font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__content h1{font-size:3.3rem;line-height:.95}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-banner-true:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__content{padding-top:52px}.gi-header.gi-banner-true.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__content{padding-top:52px}}.gi-header.gi-banner-true.gi-swap-col .gi-header__content{padding-top:0}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__content{background-color:var(--gi-bg-colour);color:#fff}.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:2.5rem;line-height:.985}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:3.8rem;line-height:.9}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:4.1rem}}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__content{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-banner-true.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__content{padding-top:0}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header__content{padding:0}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__content{flex-direction:row}.gi-header.gi-banner-true.gi-two-col:not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__content{border-top:0px}}.gi-header__text{display:flex;width:100%;flex:1;z-index:1;order:1}.gi-header.gi-banner-true:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-swap-col) .gi-header__text{padding-top:52px}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-banner-true:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-swap-col) .gi-header__text{padding-top:0}}.gi-header.gi-banner-true.gi-full-width.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col .gi-header__text{padding-top:0}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__text{max-width:700px}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__text{max-width:620px}}.gi-header.gi-swap-col .gi-header__text{order:1}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__text{position:absolute;text-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__text{height:100%;color:#fff;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-top .gi-header__text{align-items:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-centre .gi-header__text{align-items:center}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-bottom .gi-header__text{align-items:flex-end}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-left .gi-header__text{justify-content:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__text{justify-content:center}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-right .gi-header__text{justify-content:flex-end}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header__text{order:0}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__text{max-width:var(--gi-max-width)}}.gi-header__headline{width:100%;padding:1rem 1.25rem .25rem;margin:0 auto}@media (min-width: 740px){.gi-header__headline{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.gi-header.gi-no-art:not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__headline{padding-bottom:0}.gi-header.gi-no-art .gi-header__headline{padding-bottom:3rem}.gi-header.gi-swap-col .gi-header__headline{padding-top:2rem;padding-bottom:0}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__headline{text-align:center}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__headline{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:.75rem;max-width:680px}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__headline{padding-top:3.75rem;padding-bottom:1.75rem}.gi-header.gi-swap-col .gi-header__headline{padding-top:2.75rem;padding-bottom:0}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{padding:4rem 0 2rem;margin:0 4rem;max-width:560px}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{padding:5rem 0 2.25rem;margin:0 5rem}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;padding-left:4rem;padding-right:0}#gi-header.pad .gi-header__headline{padding-right:3rem}}@media (min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-left:5rem;padding-right:0}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-two-col) .gi-header__headline{max-width:600px}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{max-width:600px}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{max-width:660px}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-full-width:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{max-width:calc(700px + 8rem)}#gi-header.pad .gi-header__headline{padding-right:4rem}}@media (min-width: 1700px){.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.gi-header__label{display:block;text-shadow:none;font-family:GMsans-Web-Label-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;width:max-content;font-size:.75rem;line-height:.75rem;padding:.25rem .425rem;margin-bottom:1rem;color:var(--gi-label-text-colour);background-color:var(--gi-label-box-colour)}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__label{font-size:.8rem;line-height:.85rem}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__label{color:var(--gi-label-text-colour-overlay);background-color:var(--gi-label-box-colour-overlay)}}.gi-header__deck{font-family:Pratt-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;letter-spacing:0;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.4;margin:.75rem 0 .85rem}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__deck{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__deck{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.35}}.gi-header__rule{display:inline-block;width:35px;height:2px;background-color:#cc6703;margin-top:1.25rem}.gi-header__byline{display:block;margin:0;font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:.0425rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__byline{font-size:1rem}}.gi-header__byline--secondary{margin-top:0}.gi-header__byline-beat{display:block;font-family:GMsanC-Regular-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.725rem}.gi-header__creditline,.gi-header__timestamp,.gi-header__placeline{display:block;font-family:GMsanC-Regular-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:.0425rem;margin-top:.15rem}.gi-header__readtime{display:block;font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:.0625rem;margin-top:.25rem}.gi-header__subscribed{display:inline-block;font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;line-height:.75rem;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:.0625rem;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.25rem .4375rem;margin-top:.3125rem;background-color:#4c4c4c}.gi-header__art{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex:1;width:100%;background-color:#fff}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-full-height .gi-header__art picture{width:100%;height:100lvh}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-full-height .gi-header__art img,.gi-header.gi-full-height .gi-header__art video{object-fit:cover;width:100%;height:100%}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__art{max-width:var(--gi-max-width)}}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width).gi-narrow-width .gi-header__art{max-width:var(--gi-narrow-width)}}.gi-header.gi-banner-gradient .gi-header__art:after{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:200px;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;pointer-events:none;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#0006,#0000)}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__art{max-width:800px}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header__art:before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;pointer-events:none}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-left .gi-header__art:before{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#0006,#0000)}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-right .gi-header__art:before{background:linear-gradient(270deg,#0006,#0000)}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__art:before{background:linear-gradient(270deg,#0000,#0006,#0000)}}.gi-header__art img,.gi-header__art video{display:block;width:100%}#gi-header.pad .gi-header__art{padding-top:1.25rem}.gi-header__caption{position:relative;width:var(--gi-viewport-width);color:var(--gi-caption--text-colour);background-color:var(--gi-caption--bg-colour);padding:1rem 1.25rem;font-family:GMsanC-Regular-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:.0125rem;left:calc(50% - 50vw)}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__caption{font-size:1rem}}.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-cutline,.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-credit{display:block;margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:.35rem}.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-credit{font-size:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0;letter-spacing:.0425rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-credit{font-size:.8rem}}@media (min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__caption{background-color:var(--gi-caption--bg-colour);padding-bottom:2rem}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg.gi-two-col .gi-header__caption{background-color:#fff;color:#595959}}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg.gi-two-col .gi-header__caption{background-color:var(--gi-caption--bg-colour);color:var(--gi-caption--text-colour)}.gi-header-caption-cont{width:100%;margin:0 auto}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header-caption-cont{max-width:680px}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.gi-header-caption-cont{max-width:700px}}.gi-header-audio{margin-top:1.125rem;margin-bottom:1.125rem}.gi-header-audio.gi-no-audio{display:none}.gi-header__actions{display:block;margin-top:1rem}.gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{display:flex;border-color:#e5e5e5}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{justify-content:center}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{border-color:#ffffff1a}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{border-color:#ffffff1a}}.embedded-audio-player{margin:0 0 1.5rem}.custom-header .text-pb-5{font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.5rem;line-height:.975;text-transform:uppercase}@media (min-width: 768px){.custom-header .text-pb-5{font-size:3.6rem;line-height:.95}}@media (min-width: 1600px){.custom-header .text-pb-5{font-size:4.4rem;line-height:.9}}h2.text-pb-6{font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.2rem;line-height:1.05;font-weight:400;margin:0;color:#191919}@media (min-width: 768px){h2.text-pb-6{font-size:2.5rem}}h3.text-pb-6{font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.25;font-weight:400;color:#191919}@media (min-width: 768px){h3.text-pb-6{font-size:1.8rem}}html.pagetype-story:not(.pagesubtype-interactive) .l-article>.c-article-body__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:1.125rem}@media (max-width: 699px){.tgam-persistent-article{opacity:0;pointer-events:none}}:root{--colour-primary: #e8cf54;--colour-card-a: #006fcf;--colour-card-v: #FDCD22;--colour-card-m: #A00F19;--gi-width-narrow: 490px;--gi-width-standard: 700px;--gi-width-wide: 840px;--gi-width-full: 100%;--gi-body-margin: 1.125rem auto 1.125rem auto;--gi-width-inset: calc(100% - var(--gi-spacing) * 2);--gi-width-body: 700px;--gi-spacing: 1.25rem;--development-max-width: 700px}.gi{position:relative}.gi.gi--full{width:var(--gi-viewport-width);left:calc(50% - 50vw + var(--gi-scrollbar-width) / 2)}.gi-rank__list{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:2rem;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:var(--gi-width-wide);transition:all .15s ease;animation:fadeInY .25s ease-in-out both}.gi-item{position:relative;scroll-margin:3rem;list-style-type:none;padding:.75rem;box-shadow:3px 3px 4px #00000009;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;animation:fadeIn .25s ease-in-out}@media (min-width: 375px){.gi-item{padding:1rem}}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-item{padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem}}.gi-item__container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;align-self:flex-start;column-gap:1.25rem;row-gap:1rem;flex-wrap:wrap}@media (min-width: 500px){.gi-item__container{flex-direction:row}}.gi-item__name{display:flex;flex:1;flex-direction:column-reverse;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:flex-start;column-gap:1rem;row-gap:.75rem;order:1}.gi-item__name h3{font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.7rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:400;margin:0}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-item__name h3{font-size:1.8rem}}@media (min-width: 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#b3b3b3}.gi-btn-inline:hover{color:#da161f}.gi-btn-inline:hover svg path{fill:#da161f}.gi-btn-tooltip{background:none;border:none;padding:0;margin:0 0 -1px;cursor:pointer;font:inherit;color:inherit;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.25rem}.gi-btn-tooltip .gi-form-info{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;transition:opacity .15s ease-in-out}.gi-series-sidebar{width:100%;margin:1.25rem auto}@media (min-width: 43.75rem){.gi-series-sidebar{max-width:18.75rem;margin:1.125rem 0px 1.125rem 1.25rem;float:right;clear:both}}@media (min-width: 64rem){.gi-series-sidebar{margin-right:-7.5rem}}.gi-series-sidebar__video{display:block;width:100%;max-width:240px;margin:0 auto}@media (min-width: 43.75rem){.gi-series-sidebar__video{max-width:none}}.gi-series-sidebar__caption{display:block;margin:.25rem 0 0;padding:0;color:#595959;font-family:GMsans-Web-Regular-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5}.gi-series-sidebar__caption a{color:#595959;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #333}.gi-series-sidebar__caption a:hover{color:#da161f;border-color:#da161f}.gi-series-section{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1.5rem;margin:2.5rem auto 1.25rem}.gi-series-section h2{font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.2rem;line-height:1.05;font-weight:400;margin:0;color:#191919}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-series-section h2{font-size:2.5rem}}.gi-series-section h3{font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.25;font-weight:400;margin:0;color:#191919}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-series-section h3{font-size:1.8rem}}.gi-series-section img{display:block;width:100%;max-width:35px;margin:0 auto}.gi-series-section.no-margin{margin-top:0}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-series-section{gap:2rem;margin:3rem auto 2rem}}