@import"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/assets/styles/gi-fonts-v2.css";.tgam-persistent-article{opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.l-header>div[class^=Persistent]{opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.article-toolbar{border:none}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header.gi-media-card__caption--header-centre .article-toolbar{justify-content:center}.gi-header__actions [class*=tgam-button--icon]:not(.tgam-popover *),.gi-header__actions [class*=tgam-button--link]:not(.tgam-popover *),.gi-header__actions [class*=tgam-button--text]:not(.tgam-popover *),.gi-header__actions .tgam-button svg:not(.tgam-popover *){color:#f2f2f2;fill:#f2f2f2}.gi-media-card__fg--header-dark .gi-header__actions [class*=tgam-button--icon]:not(.tgam-popover *),.gi-media-card__fg--header-dark .gi-header__actions [class*=tgam-button--link]:not(.tgam-popover *),.gi-media-card__fg--header-dark .gi-header__actions [class*=tgam-button--text]:not(.tgam-popover *),.gi-media-card__fg--header-dark 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768px){.gi-media-card__fg.gi-media-card__fg--left{margin-left:-50vw}.gi-media-card__fg.gi-media-card__fg--right{margin-right:-50vw}}@media (orientation: landscape){.gi-media-card__fg.gi-media-card__fg--left{margin-left:-50vw}.gi-media-card__fg.gi-media-card__fg--right{margin-right:-50vw}}.gi-media-card__fg--header{margin-top:-100lvh}.gi-media-card__fg--header:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}@media (orientation: portrait){.gi-media-card__fg--header:after{background:var(--gi-header-gradient-mobile)}}@media (orientation: landscape){.gi-media-card__fg--header:after{background:var(--gi-header-gradient-desktop)}}.gi-media-card__fg--header:after{pointer-events:none;margin-bottom:100vh;z-index:-1}.gi-media-card__fg--header-light{color:#f2f2f2}.gi-media-card__fg--footer{min-height:100vh}.gi-media-card__caption{margin-bottom:125lvh;width:calc(100% - 2.5rem);color:#f2f2f2;background-color:#191919;box-shadow:#00000020 2px 2px 3px;pointer-events:all;border-radius:.35rem}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header{display:flex;height:100lvh;margin-bottom:100lvh;padding-top:2rem;padding-bottom:2rem;align-items:center;max-width:calc(740px + 2.5rem);background:transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#191919}.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header{color:#f2f2f2}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header.gi-media-card__caption--header-centre{text-align:center}@media (min-width: 2500px){.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header{padding-bottom:3rem}}@media (orientation: portrait){.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header-banner{padding-top:5rem}}@media (orientation: portrait) and (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header-banner{padding-top:6.5rem}}@media (orientation: landscape){.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--header-banner{padding-top:5rem}}@media (orientation: landscape) and 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(orientation: landscape){.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--desktop-h-left{align-self:flex-start;margin-left:4vw}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--desktop-h-centre{align-self:center}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--desktop-h-right{align-self:flex-end;margin-right:4vw}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--desktop-v-top{align-items:flex-start}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--desktop-v-centre{align-items:center}.gi-media-card__caption.gi-media-card__caption--desktop-v-bottom{align-items:flex-end}}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card__caption{max-width:620px}}.gi-media-card__caption p{margin:0 0 10px;font-family:Pratt-Nova-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:.0125rem}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-media-card__caption p{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.4}}.gi-media-card__text:not(.gi-media-card__text--header){padding:1.1rem 1.5rem 1rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card__text:not(.gi-media-card__text--header){padding:1.4rem 2rem}}.gi-media-card__text:not(.gi-media-card__text--header) :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gi-media-card__text:not(.gi-media-card__text--header) i{font-family:Pratt-Nova-Italic-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-style:normal}.gi-media-card__text:not(.gi-media-card__text--header) b{font-family:Pratt-Nova-Bold-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-weight:400}.gi-media-card__text:not(.gi-media-card__text--header) a{color:#f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;text-decoration:none}.gi-media-card__text:not(.gi-media-card__text--header) a:hover{color:#da161f;border-bottom:1px solid #da161f}.gi-media-card__text--header{flex:1}.gi-media-card__title{font-family:Pratt-Nova-Medium-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:.0125rem;margin-bottom:.75rem}.gi-media-card__title b{font-family:Pratt-Nova-Bold-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif}.gi-media-card__title span{font-family:Pratt-Nova-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card__title{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:1rem}}.gi-media-card__footnote{position:absolute;bottom:.75rem;left:1rem;font-family:GMsanC-Regular-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.65rem;color:#000;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:.0625rem;text-shadow:0px 0px 2px rgba(255,255,255,.75)}.js-gi-mediacard.light .gi-media-card__footnote{color:#000;text-shadow:0px 0px 2px rgba(255,255,255,.75)}.js-gi-mediacard.dark .gi-media-card__footnote{color:#f2f2f2;text-shadow:0px 0px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.75)}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card__footnote{font-size:.75rem}}.gi-media-card__footnote.gi-media-card__footnote--dark{color:#000;text-shadow:0px 0px 2px rgba(255,255,255,.75)}.gi-media-card__footnote.gi-media-card__footnote--light{color:#f2f2f2;text-shadow:0px 0px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.75)}.gi-lazyimage,.gi-lazyimage--autosizes{opacity:0;transition:opacity .5s}.gi-lazyimage--loaded{opacity:1}.gi-audio__btn{position:absolute;top:1rem;right:calc(1rem + var(--gi-scrollbar-width) / 2);width:3rem;height:3rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;border:none;background-color:#191919bf;border-radius:50%;transition:all .25s ease;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(5px);backdrop-filter:blur(5px);cursor:pointer;padding:0}.gi-audio__btn svg{display:block;filter:drop-shadow(0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4))}.gi-audio__btn svg path{fill:#f2f2f2}@media (hover: hover){.gi-audio__btn:hover{transform:scale(1.05)}}.gi-audio__btn[data-audio=true] .gi-icon-mute{display:none}.gi-audio__btn[data-audio=true] .gi-icon-unmute,.gi-audio__btn[data-audio=false] .gi-icon-mute{display:block}.gi-audio__btn[data-audio=false] .gi-icon-unmute{display:none}.gi-audio__btn svg{width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem}.gi-media-card__overlay{-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(10px);backdrop-filter:blur(10px);will-change:backdrop-filter;transform:translateZ(0);-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.gi-media-card__overlay.active{background:#00000040}.gi-media-card__overlay.active.dark{background:#000000bf}.gi-media-card__footer{width:100%;max-width:calc(700px + 2.5rem);pointer-events:all;margin-bottom:2rem;padding:0 1.25rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card__footer{margin-bottom:4rem}}.gi-media-card__footer:has(>:nth-child(2))>:first-child{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.05);padding-bottom:2rem}.gi-media-card__footer:has(>:nth-child(2))>:nth-child(3){border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.05);padding-top:2rem}.gi-credits{width:100%;margin:0 auto 2rem;max-width:var(--gi-width-standard)}.gi-credits h2{font-family:Pratt-Medium-GI,Georgia,Times New 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a{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;gap:.75rem}.gi-related a.gi-related__topic{display:inline}.gi-related a:hover h2,.gi-related a:hover h3{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:4px}.gi-related img{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover;flex:1;padding:0}.gi-related h3{font-family:Pratt-Medium-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-weight:400;font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1.4;flex:1;text-decoration:none;font-style:normal;margin:0;color:#f2f2f2;width:100%}.gi-related__items{display:flex;gap:1.5rem;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:2.5rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-related__items{flex-direction:row}}.gi-related__item{width:100%}.embedded-comments__note{font-family:GMsans-Web-Regular-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#f2f2f2}.gi-media-card .gi-header__meta{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:.25rem}.gi-media-card .gi-header__meta a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.gi-media-card .gi-header__meta a:hover{color:#da161f;border-bottom:1px solid #da161f}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title{font-family:Pratt-Bold-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:2.1rem;line-height:1.1;margin:0;font-weight:400}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title{font-size:2.7rem;line-height:1.1}}@supports (text-wrap: balance){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--balance{text-wrap:balance}}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--lrg{font-size:3rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--lrg{font-size:4rem;line-height:1}}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--xl{font-size:3.7rem}@media (min-width: 375px){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--xl{font-size:4rem}}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--xl{font-size:7.5rem;line-height:1}}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--uppercase{font-family:Pratt-Nova-Medium-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.05;margin-bottom:.25rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--uppercase{line-height:1}}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--italic{font-family:Pratt-Bold-Italic-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--italic.gi-header__title--uppercase{font-family:Pratt-Nova-Medium-Italic-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--lrg.gi-header__title--uppercase{line-height:.925}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--lrg.gi-header__title--uppercase{line-height:.925}}.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--xl.gi-header__title--uppercase{line-height:.9}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card h1.gi-header__title.gi-header__title--xl.gi-header__title--uppercase{line-height:.85}}.gi-media-card p.gi-header__deck{font-family:Pratt-Nova-GI,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.4;margin:.25rem 0 .75rem;letter-spacing:.0175rem;text-wrap:balance}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card p.gi-header__deck{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.4}}.gi-media-card .gi-header__label{display:inline-block;font-weight:400;text-shadow:none;font-family:GMsans-Web-Label-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;width:max-content;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1;padding:.375rem .525rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;border-radius:2px;color:var(--gi-header-label-colour, #F2F2F2);background-color:var(--gi-header-label-background-colour, #191919);fill-opacity:var(--gi-header-label-fill-opacity, 1);-webkit-backdrop-filter:var(--gi-header-label-backdrop-filter, none);backdrop-filter:var(--gi-header-label-backdrop-filter, none)}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card .gi-header__label{font-size:.925rem}}.gi-media-card .gi-header__byline{display:block;margin:0;font-family:GMsanC-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:.0125rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card .gi-header__byline{font-size:1.1rem}}.gi-media-card .gi-header__creditline,.gi-media-card .gi-header__timestamp{display:block;font-family:GMsans-Web-Regular-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.7rem;line-height:1.4;margin-top:.1rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-media-card .gi-header__creditline,.gi-media-card .gi-header__timestamp{font-size:.85rem}}:root{--gi-banner-light: #f2f2f2;--gi-banner-dark: #191919;--gi-banner-border-dark: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);--gi-banner-border-light: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1)}body.gi-no-scroll{overflow:hidden}.gi-banner{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 .25rem;margin-left:calc(var(--gi-scrollbar-width) / 2);width:calc(100vw - var(--gi-scrollbar-width));height:52px;background-color:transparent;z-index:2}.gi-banner.gi-banner--border{border-bottom:var(--gi-banner-border-dark)}.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner.gi-banner--border{border-bottom:var(--gi-banner-border-light)}.gi-banner button,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:2.75rem;height:2.75rem;background:transparent;border:none;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.gi-banner button svg,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg{display:block;fill:#f2f2f2;width:16px;height:16px}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-banner button svg,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg{width:19px;height:19px}}.gi-banner button svg path,.gi-banner button svg rect,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg path,.gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg rect{fill:var(--gi-banner-dark)}.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner button svg,.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg{fill:#191919}.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner button svg path,.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner button svg rect,.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg path,.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner .gi-banner__account a svg rect{fill:var(--gi-banner-light)}.gi-banner a,.gi-banner a:hover{border:none}.gi-banner--gradient:after{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100px;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;pointer-events:none;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#ffffff40,#fff0);z-index:-1}.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner--gradient:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#00000040,#0000)}.gi-banner__logo{display:flex;justify-content:center;width:100%;height:16px}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-banner__logo{height:19px}}.gi-banner__logo svg{display:block;width:auto;height:100%}.gi-banner__logo svg path{fill:var(--gi-banner-dark)}.gi-media-card__fg--header-light .gi-banner__logo svg path{fill:var(--gi-banner-light)}.gi-banner__nav{position:fixed;height:100lvh;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;top:0;overflow:hidden;transition:background-color .3s ease-in-out;z-index:2000400;width:0;background-color:transparent;pointer-events:none}.gi-banner__nav.open{width:calc(100vw - var(--gi-scrollbar-width));background-color:color-mix(in srgb,#000 15%,transparent);pointer-events:all}.gi-banner__nav.open .gi-banner__nav-box{left:0;transform:translate(0)}.gi-banner__nav-box{background-color:#f2f2f2;height:100vh;margin:0;outline:none;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;position:fixed;left:0;scrollbar-width:none;width:calc(100vw - var(--gi-scrollbar-width));z-index:2000410;transform:translate(-100%);color:#191919;padding-top:4rem;left:-100vw;transition:all .3s ease-in-out}@media (min-width: 48rem){.gi-banner__nav-box{width:23.4375rem;transform:translate(-23.75rem)}}.gi-banner__nav-box ul{padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none}.gi-banner__nav-box li{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;list-style-type:none;border-top:.0625rem solid #e5e5e5;min-height:3.625rem;font-family:GMsans-Web-Bold-GI,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.33;font-style:normal;font-weight:400}.gi-banner__nav-box li.highlight{background-color:#f2f2f2}.gi-banner__nav-box li a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-self:center;gap:.5rem;padding:.875rem 1.25rem;color:#191919;text-decoration:none;width:100%}.gi-banner__nav-box li a svg path{fill:#191919}.gi-banner__nav-box li a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#da161f}.gi-banner__nav-box li a:hover svg path{fill:#da161f}button.gi-banner__nav-close{position:absolute;right:.3125rem;top:.625rem;z-index:2000440;cursor:pointer;padding:.65rem;background-color:transparent;transition:.15s ease;border:none}button.gi-banner__nav-close svg{display:block;width:16px;height:16px}button.gi-banner__nav-close svg path{fill:#333!important}button.gi-banner__nav-close:hover svg path{fill:#da161f!important}