OVHcloud's data centre in Cambridge, Ont., pictured in 2022.Xavier POPY/Supplied
The rapid growth of artificial intelligence has driven a demand for data centres across Canada – a push backed by Ottawa that has sparked significant grassroots opposition because of the vast resources required to operate them.
In June, the federal government unveiled a plan for $2.3-billion in spending on AI initiatives, including $700-million to subsidize the building of large-scale data centres.
The push for infrastructure has been met with debate in some municipalities. Mississauga voted unanimously Wednesday to put a one-year moratorium on new data centre projects, joining neighbouring Oakville, which was the first Ontario municipality to take the step after failed bids in Hamilton and Burlington.
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Here’s what you need to know about why there’s such an explosive growth in data centre projects, what advocates and opponents say about them and what the future of AI sovereignty in Canada could look like.
What is a data centre?
The Equinix data centre in downtown Toronto, pictured in 2024.Fred Lum/The Globe and Mail
Data centres are facilities that house information technology equipment to store, manage and process data. Cloud storage, online banking, social media and other digital services rely on this infrastructure.
Data centre capabilities are usually measured in watts, which determine how much power a facility can use.
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Artificial intelligence often requires the use of hyperscale data centres – larger facilities that can support up to 100 megawatts or more. In comparison, conventional data centres have about five to 10 megawatts of capacity.
What does Ottawa say about data centres?
Data centres are identified as a key element of Canada’s AI ecosystem in the federal government’s national artificial intelligence strategy. The strategy, spearheaded by Canada’s first AI Minister, Evan Solomon, argues that data centres are part of strengthening digital sovereignty, a goal the federal government has prioritized.
AI Minister Evan Solomon announces plans for three large-scale AI data centre projects in B.C., in Vancouver in May.Rich Lam/The Canadian Press
Ottawa is concerned that reliance on foreign cloud and computing providers leaves critical infrastructure outside of Canadian jurisdiction. They warn that sensitive data may be left in the hands of “legal regimes beyond Canada’s control.”
To reduce dependence, the federal government wants to expand Canadian-controlled AI infrastructure. The strategy aims to attract private investment toward new computing infrastructure, and support “large-scale” AI data centres with at least 100 megawatts of capacity.
In September, Mr. Solomon announced a new federal framework for building data centres, including five broad principles for the development:
- Developers must minimize water use and other environmental effects;
- developers must be transparent about the impact on the local area;
- developers must not shift electricity costs on to Canadians;
- developers must create lasting local benefits;
- developers must bring “strategic value” to the country.
More than 20 artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure companies – including OpenAI, Anthropic PBC, Amazon Web Services and Meta – have since signed on to the new framework.
Ottawa’s new data centre principles were developed with the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, with input from other levels of government, industry and Indigenous and environmental groups. The framework is not legally binding.
What are Canada’s current data capabilities?
Canada already has hundreds of data centres, with a document obtained by The Canadian Press estimating that the country’s AI data-centre capacity is about 337 megawatts. The document was prepared for Minister Solomon to use when pitching the country’s AI ecosystem to international investors.
Five of these data centres are considered hyperscale, located in British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick.
What data centre projects are already under way?
According to data-tracker Aterio, there are currently eight AI-capable centres under construction, and 19 more have been announced. Most are in two provinces - Alberta and Ontario.
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The national strategy states that potential partnerships could bring 850 megawatts of compute capacity to Canada by 2030, but does not identify the partners or projects involved. In the recent federal budget, the government committed to providing $925.6-million over five years to support the development of large-scale AI infrastructure.
Meta says it plans to build a new AI data centre in Sturgeon County, Alta., shown in this rendered image.Sturgeon Data Centre/The Canadian Press
In July, Meta confirmed its plans to build a $13-billion-plus artificial intelligence data centre in Sturgeon County, Alta., on 1,750 acres of land. The project is estimated to consume nearly three-quarters as much electricity as the city of Edmonton requires, and promises to create more than 3,000 jobs during peak construction and more than 300 jobs two to three years after it begins operations.
In March, Bell Canada parent company BCE Inc. and Saskatchewan’s government announced plans to build a $1.7-billion AI data centre. BCE announced plans in September to quadruple the capacity of its operations in the province. BCE also said it intends to build six AI facilities in British Columbia.
In May, Telus said it will develop two data centres in Vancouver and expand an existing facility in Kamloops to handle artificial-intelligence workloads – all of which will require a combined 150-plus megawatts of electricity by 2032.
What are the concerns?
Resource and environmental concerns have caused apprehensions about data-centre developments, largely because of the sheer amount of energy required to power them.
Local utilities are already sounding the alarm. In June, Hydro Ottawa warned that it was handling the “largest volume in our history” of requests from customers seeking large amounts of electricity, with data centres accounting for about 60 per cent of that demand. CEO Bryce Conrad said the utility was being asked to build, in the next two to three years, what took “the best of 110 years” to develop.
People in opposition to AI data centres demonstrate outside the council chambers at city hall in Hamilton, on July 15.Nick Iwanyshyn/The Canadian Press
The process of cooling data centres has also sparked concerns. Depending on the system used, cooling can add to electricity demands or require significant amounts of water. These cooling systems also emit a humming sound, while turbines contribute to air pollution by burning natural gas. The federal government argues Canada has an advantage because its “northern climate” can reduce the cost and energy needed to cool facilities.
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The size of some projects has also raised concerns about land use. In June, Manitoba Premier Wab kinew turned down a proposal for a data centre in Île-des Chênes, after hearing concerns from community members about potential pollution and threats to farmland preservation. The proposed data centre was to be built on 141 hectares of farmland south of Winnipeg.
What’s next?
South of the border, New York became the first U.S. state to impose a one-year moratorium on July 14, requiring 50 megawatts of power or more. In Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., will vote on a similar one-year pause on Sept. 21, while similar votes have been happening in cities across B.C. and Ontario.
The document prepared for Minister Solomon that estimated Canada’s existing AI data centre capacity also says Canada has 20,000 megawatts worth of projects that are “under planning or development.”
A statement from Mr. Solomon’s office said not all of the projects are expected to proceed, stating that they “remain subject to commercial decisions, financing, electricity availability, regulatory approvals, and engagement with provinces, municipalities, utilities, Indigenous communities and local communities.”
With reports from Joe Castaldo, Irene Galea, Joe Friesen, Pippa Norman and The Canadian Press
Editor’s note: This article has been updated to clarify the number of jobs Meta's data centre is projected to create.